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Climatic Factors and Soil Conditions Soil effects Acid and alkaline soils Saline soils Sunlight effects Sunlight effects Temperature effects High temperature Low temperature (frost) Management factors  Crop canopy Control of tillers and spikes Green leaves after heading Crop establishment Crop stands. Why poor? Planting depth and method Sowing time Seed rate Seed viability Crop nutrition Mineral nutrition Crop residues Residue management Crop lodging Lodging Tillage Land preparation Tillage systems Water Moisture stress Waterlogging Weeds Weed Biotic factors  Insects Above ground insects Soil pests Stored grain insects Diseases General Leaf diseases Root diseases In storage Other pests Rodents and birds